Politics Health Insurance Policy

Question: Examine about the Politics for Health Insurance Policy. Answer: Chronicled Development of the Medicare Policy The Australian medical coverage strategy is such a medical coverage strategy, that is being subsidized by the Commonwealth and it permits the Australian populace to get free emergency clinic administrations from the open medical clinic (Aihw.gov.au. 2016). The Medicare strategy of Australia was first presented by the Whitlam Labor Government, Medibank began in Australia, in the year 1975 under the Whitlam Labor Government. Before the Medibank was set up in Australia, in the year 1974, Medibank enactment was passed around the same time. The Health Insurance Bill that helped in building up the Medibank was spent in the year 1973, despite the fact that it was by all account not the only Bill that helped in setting up the Medibank yet there are a few different bills too that helped in building up it (Boxall and Gillespie 2013). Different bills that went with the medical coverage Bill incorporate the Health Insurance Commission Bill and this specific bill also helped in building up the Me dibank in Australia. In this procedure there were numerous such bills that were dismissed, and later on every one of these bills helped in setting up the Medibank in the nation for general society in Australia (Dunbar, Jayawardena, Johnson, Roger, Timoshanko, Versace, Shill, Philpot, Vartiainen, Laatikainen and Best 2014). The Medibank that was set up by the Whitlam Labor Government in Australia before long encountered a fall. The fall or the excusal of the Medibank occurred under the new administration of Australia, which was an alliance legislature of the Liberal and the National party (Faichney and Moore 2013). The alliance government set up an audit panel, albeit the vast majority of the discoveries, rather all the discoveries of the survey board of trustees were not uncovered to people in general (Kay and Boxall 2015). The new Medibank II was built up in the year 1976, and this new Medibank II charged 2.5% duty on general society, though in the event of the past Medibank such was not in the situation (Sharman, Hensher, Wilkinson, Campbell and Venn 2015). The old Medibank charged 1.5% requires on the open pay, despite the fact that if there should arise an occurrence of this new Medibank the populace in Australia. The individuals are permitted to utilize the private medical coverages simultaneously , and these health care coverages also helped general society in benefiting legitimate medicinal services administrations from the emergency clinics (Aihw.gov.au. 2016). The change that is being presented by the Liberal-National legislature of Australia additionally experienced a change, in the year 1984, when the Hawke Labor Government went to the force. The Hawke Labor government presented the past or the first Medibank that was set up by the Whitlam Labor Government (Gray 2016). The monetary course of action despite the fact that, experienced certain progressions alongside the name. It was no longer named as Medibank rather another name is offered to this Medibank and that is Medicare. The budgetary game plan of this specific Medicare strategy included getting open subsidizing, or the 1% of the all out salary of the individuals as a duty, for this specific health care coverage strategy (Gardner, Yen, Banfield, Gillespie, Mcrae and Wells 2013). As per by Dr Blewett, the specific approach alluded as something that would help in social change. The explanation for saying this is the way that the duty was forced upon those individuals who are equipped for acquiring $7110 per annum on the off chance that they are single and in the event that they are hitched the sum is around $111803. Individuals having a pay level underneath this ought not need to pay any collect to have an entrance to the medical coverage (Harris 2016). The Australian government in the year 1996 presented the 1 percent Medicare Levy Surcharge for the individuals who are having a yearly pay of around $100,000. The individual having a yearly salary of $100,000 yet not having any private medical coverage could utilize this approach the 1% Medicare demand overcharge. In the year 1997, alongside the Medicare Levy Surcharge the Australian government presented the Private Health Insurance Incentive Scheme (Aihw.gov.au. 2016). The specific plan, permitted general society to have discount on medical clinic and subordinate health care coverages. Basic Discussion of the Key issues andissue drivers inside the Policy The wellbeing framework in Australia is as unpredictable as a creepy crawlies web and on this web there are various individuals on the various sides. On the one side there are the administrations, and on the opposite side thereare the specialist co-ops; the beneficiary and the structure of the association lies on the two altogether different sides of the web (Sharman, Hensher, Wilkinson, Campbell and Venn, 2015). It is inescapable to get away from these complexities and one of the significant purposes for this is the complexities are there in light of the fact that, of the way that the wellbeing arrangement of the strategy depends on the differed needs and decent variety that is there in the nation (Gardner, Yen, Banfield, Gillespie, Mcrae and Wells 2013). Along these lines, it is one of the key drivers that are there inside the arrangement and the significant drivers of the wellbeing strategy of Australia incorporates; the sex, age, culture, socio-efficient and even the conduct and the wellbeing history of the individuals. The wellbeing strategy, guideline, enactment all could go at a pace on account of the great administration that is being completed by the individuals working in the wellbeing arrangement of Australia (Foster and Mitchell 2015). In the year 2011 and 2012, the measure of cash that is being spend by the Australians, is 1.7 occasions more than the cash that is being spend by the Australians in the year 2001 and 2002 (Gray 2016). Today, the Australians spend practically 9.5% of the complete GDP in wellbeing framework. Alongside this specific actuality, another significant reality ought to be recalled and that is, the wellbeing costs in Australia have expanded, and the expansion is more than the populace development of the nation. The significant test that the Australia Medicare framework faces is identified with the difficulties that are being looked by the Australian social insurance framework. The explanation for this is the way that the Australian human services framework regularly experiences bunches of renewal and accordingly it affects the Medicare framework (Aph.gov.au. 2016). In the ongoing years the most significant issue that has been looked by the Australian human services framework is the issue of increment in the normal high future rate and an abatement in the normal low newborn child death rate. In this manner, there has been a development of both the maturing populace and the ceaseless sickness, which requires prompt treatment (Aihw.gov.au. 2016). Alongside these two issues the issue of disparities between the most and the least advantaged individuals is there too. The Australian governments point is to offer types of assistance to every individuals in the nation, and there ought not be any sor t of bargain for any individuals of any financial foundation in the nation. Hence, in the event of distinguishing the significant drivers of the arrangement these focuses ought to be kept in the brain in light of the fact that these focuses go about as a significant driver of the Medicare strategy that is there in Australia, and that give monetary advantages to the individuals living in Australia (Jolley, Freeman, Baum, Hurley, Lawless, Bentley, Labontand Sanders2014). The Medicare strategy in Australia is planned so that on the off chance that an individual visits the open emergency clinic, at that point the patient will be sans given treatment, and they would be treated as open licenses. As per the Australian Healthcare Agreement the discovering cost of the open patient will be taken care of by the Australian Federal, just as by the State and the Territory administration of Australia (Aph.gov.au. 2016). In the event of the private patients the Medicare strategy would give 75% of the complete calendar expenses. The structure of subsidizing may look as straightforward as this yet it isn't unreasonably basic. The Australian social insurance framework comprises of a mind boggling web; which incorporate those elements that go about as a significant driver of the arrangement (Baum and Dwyer 2014). The elements that are there in the social insurance arrangement of Australiaincludetwo various types of human services, the essential and the auxiliary. The essential social insurance is something that is more often than not benefit by the individuals and frequently the treatment that is being given to the individuals are given in an alternate setting other than the emergency clinic (Foster and Mitchell 2015). The different settings where the specific human services framework is being given incorporate the spots where the doctors carry on their general practices (Javanparast, Baum, Barton, Freeman, Lawless, Fuller, Reed and Kidd 2015). The essential social insurance could be given in the Aboriginal and Community Control human services place and it could even be given in the other network medicinal services place too (Sharman, Hensher, Wilkinson, Campbell and Venn 2015). In the year 2011 and 2012, practically 36.1% of the complete consumption of the Australian populace is spend for th e essential medicinal services administrations; though the aggregate sum the populace has spend on the emergency clinic administrations is around 38.2%. It is one of the most significant driver, or key issues behind the Medicare strategy that is there in the nation (Harris 2016). The second significant key issues or the drivers of the Medicare strategy are identified with the optional medicinal services framework. The optional social insurance systemis not at all like the essential human services framework, where a wide range of different administrations are identified with it (Aph.gov.au. 2016). In the auxiliary medicinal services framework there are masters, who are alluded by the individuals in the essential human services framework. Alongside the administrations gave by the experts the auxiliary human services framework incorporates the administrations that are being given by the medical clinics simultaneously (Javanparast, Baum, Barton, Freeman, Lawless, Fuller, Reed and Kidd 2015). Hence, the auxiliary medicinal services framework is the most significant driver or the issues that assumes a significant job in the Medicare strategy. The medical clinics also play

Gps Used to Track Kids Who Skip School Free Essays

GPS Kids who continue playing hooky disappoint bunches of individuals like educators and guardians. Presently the police and school authorities are currently choosing to utilize GPS. The first school in Quite a while to test this Global Positioning System was the Anaheim Union High School. We will compose a custom paper test on Gps Used to Track Kids Who Skip School or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Numerous seventh-and eight-graders that have four unexcused nonappearances or more during the school year need to convey this gadget. On school days every morning the understudies who get the GPS get robotized consider revealing to them that they need to get the opportunity to class on schedule. From that point onward, they need to enter a code five times each day that tracks their area. At the point when they leave for school, when they show up at school, at noon, when they leave school and a 8 p. m. they need to type in this code. Likewise numerous understudies are alloted a grown-up mentor that causes them to get the chance to class on schedule. They likewise consider them three times each week to check whether they are good. The gadgets are $300-$400 each and the six-week program are cost $8 regular or $18,000. They are utilizing the GPS is on the grounds that the understudies need training and the school loses near $35 for each missing understudy there is. At the point when the GPS began in the school the participation rate went up from77 percent to 95 percent. On the off chance that there was no GPS, the children who kept playing hooky or school, they were bound to join posses. Presently around 75 understudies in Dale and South middle schools are choosing to utilize this test case program. However, presently region authorities are choosing if they need to extend the GPS program to other secondary school and middle schools. Numerous guardians and understudies went to the Anaheim Family Justice Center to examine about the GPS with the police and advisors. Be that as it may, not all guardians like the thought. Raphael Garcia who has a sixth grader with six unexcused nonattendances says, â€Å"This causes us to appear basic crooks. † The Police Investigator Armando Pardo reminds the guardians â€Å"They are letting their children play hooky without a substantial explanation. † Lots of children grades 4-6, and their folks needed to go to the gathering however they would not have the option to convey a GPS, yet on the off chance that they begin seeing superfluous nonappearances, they will have the option to get one. The Cruz family, wanting to have the option to keep their youngster at school, they chose to purchase a GPS for their child, Juan. Juan’s has had five unexcused unlucky deficiencies and five pardoned nonattendances. Juan tells Miller (the individual who is instructing Juan how to work the GPS) that â€Å"Sometimes I am wiped out and at some point I just don’t want to go. † â€Å"I am going to keep it in my pocket so I don’t lose it. On the off chance that the understudy loses the gadget, the guardians will be answerable for paying for it. Yet, the gadgets can be discovered without any problem. Cristina, Juan Cruz’s mother bolsters this program a great deal and is trusting it will get her out. She additionally says† He is one of six youngsters, and we can’t consistently watch out for him. † By: Ruby Shah Instructions to refer to Gps Used to Track Kids Who Skip School, Essay models

The Alphabet Of Happiness

The Alphabet Of Happiness The Alphabet:A â€" ACCEPTAccept others for who they are and for the choices they’ve made even if you have difficulty understanding their beliefs, motives, or actions.B â€" BREAK AWAYBreak away from everything that stands in the way of what you hope to accomplish with your life.C â€" CREATECreate a family of friends whom you can share your hopes, dreams, sorrows, and happiness with.D â€" DECIDEDecide that you’ll be successful and happy come what may, and good things will find you. The roadblocks are only minor obstacles along the way.E â€" EXPLOREExplore and experiment. The world has much to offer, and you have much to give. And every time you try something new, you’ll learn more about yourself.F â€" FORGIVEForgive and forget. Grudges only weigh you down and inspire unhappiness and grief. Soar above it, and remember that everyone makes mistakes.G â€" GROWLeave the childhood monsters behind. They can no longer hurt you or stand in your way.H â€" HOPEHope for the best and never fo rget that anything is possible as long as you remain dedicated to the task.I â€" IGNOREIgnore the negative voice inside your head. Focus instead on your goals and remember your accomplishments. Your past success is only a small inkling of what the future holds.J â€" JOURNEYJourney to new worlds, new possibilities, by remaining open-minded. Try to learn something new every day, an you’ll grow.K â€" KNOWKnow that no matter how bad things seem, they’ll always get better. The warmth of spring always follows the harshest winter.L â€" LOVELet love fill your heart instead of hate. When hate is in your heart, there’s room for nothing else, but when love is in your heart, there’s room for endless happiness.M â€" MANAGEManage your time and your expenses wisely, and you’ll suffer less stress and worry. Then you’ll be able to focus on the important things in life.N â€" NOTICENever ignore the poor, infirm, helpless, weak, or suffering. Offer your assistance when possible, and always your kindness and understanding.O â€" OPENOpen your eyes and take in all the beauty around you. Even during the worst of times, there’s still much to be thankful for.P â€" PLAYNever forget to have fun along the way. Success means nothing without happiness.Q â€" QUESTIONAsk many questions, because you’re here to learn.R â€" RELAXRefuse to let worry and stress rule your life, and remember that things always have a way of working out in the end.S â€" SHAREShare your talent, skills, knowledge, and time with others. Everything that you invest in others will return to you many times over.T â€" TRYEven when your dreams seem impossible to reach, try anyway. You’ll be amazed by what you can accomplish.U â€" USEUse your gifts to your best ability. Talent that’s wasted has no value. Talent that’s used bill bring unexpected rewards.V â€" VALUEValue the friends and family members who’ve supported and encouraged you, and be there for them as well.W â€" WORKWork hard every day to be th e best person you can be, but never feel guilty if you fall short of your goals. Every sunrise offers a second chance.X â€" X-RAYLook deep inside the hearts of those around you and you’ll see the goodness and beauty within.Y â€" YIELDYield to commitment. If you stay on track and remain dedicated, you’ll find success at the end of the road.Z â€" ZOOMZoom to a happy place when bad memories or sorrow rears its ugly head. Let nothing interfere with your goals. Instead, focus on your abilities, your dreams, and a brighter tomorrow.Author Unknown

Analysis Of Kanye West Is Our Generations Most Polarizing...

Kanye West is our generation’s most polarizing artist, he utilizes the advancements in social media and has a knack for usurping traditional ideology on the largest canvas in the history of civilization. Religious symbolism, racial anxieties and class differences are provocative themes that had faded from the genre of hip-hop, during the 00’s. This is important to note especially in the decade and a half that West has been developing himself as an artist. Katrina killed millions of minorities, Bush left the country in a one of history’s most devastating financial recessions and Obama’s presidency ignited racial tensions on a national and social scale. Throughout the thirteen years between his debut and latest Kanye West has been angry. He has also been insightful and provocative but has mostly been yearning, for a full force return to the themes and ideas that were spread around the evolution of rap a decade beforehand (Gibbons, 2007.) An era when the genre angered the privileged whites of America and added an voice for the impoverished minorities around the country. Kanye West is a product of our time, each year and major event reflective of his work and emotional state. He produced what was needed for pop music at the time, wether we like it or not. Looking at two different eras of his work, Jesus Walks (2004) and Ultralight Beams (2016.) Kanye ranged from varying stylistic choices that were rooted from developments in the genre of hip-hop, some that he pioneered and

Abstract Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual...

Colangelo, J. J., amp; Keefe-Cooperman, K. (2012). Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Women s Sexuality. Journal Of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 14-37. The purpose of this study was to show how childhood sexual abuse (CSA) victims often are faced with negative psychological and emotional consequences which have profound effects on their lives, as well as their sexuality. The intent of the authors was to show the occurrence of CSA among different women populations, and how it negatively affects them for the rest of their lives. The authors also discuss different suggestions for counselors dealing with these CSA victims, and how they must have a vast understanding of how these women compromise their sex lives†¦show more content†¦The authors of this article want the readers to understand the underlying issues and problems that many women face after they have been sexually abused as a child. Usually people recognize that women face sexual problems after they have been abused, but don’t really understand what they go through, or how to help. So, this can be used as a guide for counselors on CSA victims about who they are, how they react to their situations, and ways they can be successful in the future. By writing this article, the authors wanted to help mental health counselors approach the CSA victims in way where they could be better understood. I found this article persuasive in a sense that the authors make the readers really see what these women go through after they are sexually abused as a child. The authors used plenty of statistics, different references, and thorough information on the sexual disorders that derive from CSA and post-health for the victims. I believe the authors did an agreeable amount of research which persuaded the audience to feel for the victims and really appreciate the work that must be done so they can deal with their issues. One of the only issues I had was that the authors did not conduct an experiment of their own. I was hoping to see a survey that they had researched and developed, but their case study was more of the focal point of the article. I believe that if they would have done an actual research method themselves, rather than using statisticsShow MoreRelated Human Sexuality: God Created Woman for Man Essay2430 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract In the beginning God created Adam and then Eve from Adam’s rib. According to God’s word and plan women were created for men. In Genesis 2:20-22 it states but for Adam no suitable helper was found. 21 So the Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the mans ribs and closed up the place with flesh. 22 Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man. Marriage is designed to be sacredRead MoreDomestic Violence Within England And Wales2568 Words   |  11 PagesDOMESTIC VIOLENCE Abstract With regards to the Secretary of State for Justice, this report will investigate domestic violence within England and Wales. As the government advisor, I will be looking into the definitions and key legal documents associated with this crime, its prevalence within today’s society, the offenders and it’s victims of domestic abuse alongside the causes and motivations which may cause domestic violence. Furthermore, I will be giving any criticisms and recommendations I mayRead MoreAn Additional Facet of the Incest Taboo: a Protection of the Mating-strategy Template5027 Words   |  21 Pagesthat, with very few exceptions, sexual intercourse is prohibited between members of the nuclear family who are not spouses -- father-child, mother-child, son-sibling, daughter-sibling. Most cultures extend the prohibition beyond the nuclear family to include grandparents, uncles, aunts, nieces, and nephews, both consanguine and affinal (see Fox, 1967, and Schusky, 1972, for examples). F urther from the nuclear family, parallel cousins are usually proscribed as sexual partners and cross-cousins oftenRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse11950 Words   |  48 Pages CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 21084661 UNIVERSITY OF WEST LONDON BSc (Hons) SOCIAL WORK HS60020E/0 Abstract Childhood sexual abuse is a serious concern that has been associated with long term effects amongst survivors. Using secondary data, this qualitative piece of research explores the long term effects of child sexual abuse in later adult lifeRead MoreA Review of Coping Skills for Early Sexual Abuse Victims8961 Words   |  36 PagesEARLY SEXUAL ABUSE VICTIMS Laverne A. Marks Child and Adolescent Development u10a1 Integrative Project: Chapters I–V Dr. Lohr June 14,2013 A Review of Coping Skills for Sexual Abuse Victims Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Chapter 1: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Theoretical Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-8 Chapter 2: Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8-14 Proving Sexual Abuse -----Read MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 PagesCOURSE COORDINATOR : PROF. SN REMBE TOPIC: Examining the cultural practice of ukuthwala and its impact on the rights of the girl child: An Eastern Cape Perspective TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Understanding Ukuthwala 3. International Legislative Framework 4. National Legislative Framework and Ukuthwala 5. Causes of Ukuthwala 6. Consequences of Ukuthwala 7. Impact of Ukuthwala on the Girl Child 8. Ukuthwala and Constitutional Rights 9. Responding to UkuthwalaRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 Pagessupport, motivation and faith in me to carry out this research. And finally, thank you to my wonderful children: Esther Sarah Joshua Rosie for their continued toleration of my shared interest and attention whilst completing this research Contents Abstract page: 4 Introduction page: 5-9 Methodology page: 10-12 Setting page: 13 Access page: 14 Procedure page: 15 Interviews page: 16 Ethics page: 17-18 Analysis page: 19 Results page: 20-33 DiscussionRead MoreThe Feminist And Reality Theory : Like Water For Chocolate4125 Words   |  17 PagesAbstract Set in Mexico at the turn of the 20th century, Laura Esquivel’s contemporary novel, Like Water for Chocolate, centers on the youngest daughter of the De la Garza family, Tita, whose familial position predestines her to remain at home, unmarried, and in charge of the life-long care of her authoritarian mother, Mama Elena. The conflict arises when Tita falls in love with Pedro and is denied both marriage and influence over her own affairs. Ultimately, Tita finds a voice through the elaborateRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pagesopportunities and families headed by mothers who gave birth to their first children in adolescence (Dryfoos, 1996; Macleod, 1999). Teenage pregnancy is also associated with other problematic behaviour such as alcohol and drug use, and early initiation of sexual activity, which have been identified as predictors of pregnancy (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 1998; National Population Unit, 2000). Plant Plant (1992) argue tha t risk or problem behaviour is associated with social disadvantage, poverty, homelessnessRead MoreHonour Killing in Pakistan19346 Words   |  78 PagesAssistant Professor Malmo University, Sweden Honour killings in Pakistan under Theoretical, Legal and Religious Perspectives An Analytical Study of Honour killings Abuse and Disconnecting Islam from This Ancient Brutal Tradition Author MUHAMMAD ZIA ULLAH MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED, 27-05-2010 Malmà ¶ University Malmà ¶, Sweden Abstract This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called â€Å"honour killings† in Pakistan. In this way, the aim is to discuss

Entre Notes Free Essays

Answer the following In about 15 words (i)List the tlelds in which Trailblazer’ has business strengths. A. The trailblazer’s business strengths could include the medical, technology, finance, legal and consulting fields. We will write a custom essay sample on Entre Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being strong strategic thinkers, they focus easily on marketing and operations. (it) List the fields in which ‘Motivator’ has business strengths. A. The motivator’s business strengths: They do well in retail, sales and HR. They do well in almost any business that Involves people, as long as Its d somewhat non- confrontational environment. Ill) List the fields In which Collaborator has business strengths. A. collaborators are good at running customer service-oriented or retail businesses or any business where there is a need to convince others. Collaborators can be great salesmen in a warm selling market because they use their sociability to sell their expertise. (Iv) List the fields in which Diplomats’ has business strengths. A. The diplomat’s excel In retail or other people-oriented environments. They are good at multi-tasklng and can work well under pressure They get things done quickly end work well with deadlines, Q2. Answer the following In about 50 words. (i) Describe the characteristics ot a ‘go-getter’ type ot personality. Ans. They have a higher-than-average level of both dominance and sociability and very driven and independent. Go-getters represent the largest percentage of the founders. Their natural style lends itself to managing and leading both processes and people. They can work well in ambitious and unfamiliar environments. means they can invest in, buy or start a business that’s totally new and still make a success of It. They don’t need to be an expert In the field to start the business, as they are good collaborators nd can learn as they go (it) What is brain storming? Ans. A group of persons sit together and generate a number of business ideas by innovating alternative ways of meeting the needs and solving problems. It is usually an unstructured discussion in which one idea leads to another. This is a very productive method of generating as many as possible. Oil) What do you mean by ‘environment scanning? Ans. One of the Important techniques that can be used to generate Ideas Is environment scanning, the screening of large amounts of Information to detect emerging trends. A lot of Information Is available from news magazines, reviews, government and consumer publications, trade publications, commercials, etc. These have to be scanned to obtain workable ideas. The challenge in this method is that there is too much information to scan from. However it is very useful way to generate ideas. (iv)What are focus groups? services in a structured setting. In a typical focus group a moderator focuses the group discussion or whatever issues are being examined. A focus group can provide an excellent way to generate new ideas and to screen proposed ideas and concepts. v)Explain feasibility study? Ans. Centre for Entrepreneurship at University of Rochester explained that â€Å"a feasibility study can be defined as a controlled process for identifying problems and opportunities, determining objectives, describing situations, defining successful outcomes, and assessing the range of costs and benefits associated with several alternatives for solving a problem. The information gathered and presented in a feasibility study will help entrepreneurs to: A) List in detail all the things they need to make the business work; B) Identify logistical and other business-related problems nd solutions; C) Develop marketing strategies to convince a bank or investor that their business is worth considering as an investment; and D) Serve as a solid foundatio n for developing their business plans. vi)What do you think is the reason for failure of business plan execution? Ans. Strategies most often fail because they are not executed well. Expected results and outcome may not happen and leading to underperformance. This creates significant frustration and cynicism within an organization. Even good plans can get a bad name because they are assessed by the results of its execution. How to cite Entre Notes, Papers

The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states

Problem Identification and Background For a long time, the global capitalistic society has enjoyed a long period of stability. However, in the early 2000s, economic stability in western nations threatened this stability (Li, 2012, p. 1). Since this period, America has experienced several economic and political changes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the US has experienced several internal and external fiscal imbalances (characterized by debt-financing, consumption-led expansions, and a growing current account deficit) (Li, 2012, p. 1). Within this time, China has emerged as the dominant player in the global capitalist economy by sustaining most of the world’s economic growth (both in China and around the world). America has been unable to counter this growth. The endless wars that the US has fought in the Middle East have also added to the country’s failure to counter-check China’s growing dominance in global politics. Instead, such wars only threaten America’s position as the main center of global political power. Consequently, the rising dominance of China in the global political space has created tension in Sino-American relations. Now, the future of international relations between China and the United States (U.S) is unpredictable. Several researchers have explained the outcome of the relationship between China and the US by suggesting two outcomes – war, or peace. Deeper analyses of the Sino-American relations highlight a shifting power balance in favor of China. For example, Buono Lara (2007, p. 324) say with the periodic economic problems faced by the US, an opportunity for creating multiple centers of power in global politics has emerged. Evidence of this claim exists from the expansion of international relations between the EU, Russia, and China (among other emerging global powers). Buono Lara (2007, p. 324) believe some of these great world powers (including France) recognize the need to have a multi-polar reconstruction of world power to replace the single-power strategy (unipolar strategy) perfected by the US. Predominantly, China plays a central role in the realization of this multi-power strategy. For example, China has threatened America’s position as the ultimate global power. For instance, it has replaced America as the ultimate power in the Organization of Pacific Asian Cooperation (APEC) (Buono Lara, 2007, p. 324).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More China is also the greatest commercial partner in South America, after displacing America in most commercial partnership contracts within the continent. For example, the Asian giant has signed different trade agreements with the main economic powers in South America, including Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba (Buono Lara, 2007, p. 324). Some of these countries (for example, Venezuela) have accorded China unlimited access to their vast energy reserves. The dominance of China in the global economic space has challenged America’s political and economic dominance in global politics. To support this view, Buono Lara (2007) say, â€Å"The commercial and investment agreements between Venezuela, Brazil, and Columbia, and the central strategic role played by Cuba in inviting China to these trade agreements, was a setback for Washington† (p. 324). A similar global dominance of China has occurred in Asia. For example, in 2005, China and India signed several trade agreements to influence global politics (Buono Lara, 2007, p. 324). Both emerging global powers intended to do so by using their combined populations, which amount to more than a third of the global populati on, to influence the global market. These developments show that the US is slowly losing its grip in global politics, as it is becoming unlikely that it could impose its will on global issues, in the future. The shifting global power of world politics from the US to China raises anxiety that America may resort to war with China to maintain its position as the center of global power (according to the neo-realism view). Proponents of the neo-realism view have advanced several reasons to explain why this likelihood is possible. For example, they say, â€Å"a generalized existing broadening of international conflicts may lead to a Sino-American war, if it is fuelled by the same market that has generated armed conflicts in the past† (p. 324).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper inve stigates the possibility that great states (like America and China) would go to war to maintain their power. Central to this analysis are the roles of the neo-realism and the power transition theories in predicting such an outcome. Research Questions and Hypothesis Research Question To what extent does competition among great powers lead them to war? Hypothesis The probability of a new world war between China and the US is low, even if the intentions of great powers to wage wars are high. Detailed Topic Description Offensive realism is an ideology that strives to explain the aggressive nature of international relations. Mearsheimer (2007, p. 18) developed this theory during the Second World War by asserting the probability of conflict in international relations. This theory outlines the importance of the structural capabilities of nation-states to engage in war, when they want to maintain their dominance as centers of global power. Drawing from the principles of the neo-liberali sm theory, King (2008, p. 12) says that national security dominates the priority of nation-states. Proponents of this theory highlight the difficulty of controlling international relations as a recipe for war (they believe there is no regulatory institution for regulating international relations). They also believe that power-preventing misbehavior is the most effective framework for deterring nations from going to war (King, 2008, p. 12). The offensive realism theory is also pessimistic about the prospects of long-term relations among nation-states because of the competitive nature of these actors. Referring to this view, Mearsheimer (2007) says, â€Å"States favor self-help measures and relative short-term gains above cooperation and absolute long-term gains† (p. 18). Furthermore, King (2008, p. 12) says the relationships between nation-states are anarchical and untrustworthy. Often, this mistrust leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations of state actions, thereby l eading to war. The offensive realism theory premises its ideologies on five principles. The first principle outlines that the world’s most powerful nations are the main players in international politics. Within this principle, the theory also underscores the importance of looking at international politics as anarchical (Wirtz Fortmann, 2004, p. 52).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The offensive realism theory also stipulates that these powerful states possess some level of offensive military capability. Through the possession of these military capabilities, nation-states are often wary of the intentions of other states on their welfare (and particularly the implications of these intentions on their national security). This background highlights the fourth principle of the offensive realism theory, which underscores the importance of survival, as the main preoccupation of nation-states in international politics (King, 2008, p. 12). Lastly, the offensive realism theory suggests that nation-states are rational entities and therefore make rational decisions that ensure their survival in international politics. Like the offensive realism theory, the power transition theory suggests the existence of war during power transitions in global politics. This theory paints a grim picture of international politics because it suggests nation-states buy military arsenal to a ttack other states that threaten their power, or dominance, in international politics. Mearsheimer (2007, p. 19) has been the greatest supporter of the offensive realism and power transition theories. His main ideological departure from proponents of defensive realism is the level of military arsenal needed to safeguard national security. While proponents of defensive realism theories say nation-states, need only â€Å"adequate† military arsenal to keep their countries safe, Mearsheimer (2007, p. 18) believes that nation-states need a lot of military power to protect national security. Furthermore, unlike the proponents of defensive realism, who believe that nation-states use their military arsenal to preserve the status – quo, the political transition theory suggests that most nations are power-hungry entities, which do not hesitate to attack other countries to increase their global influence (Wunderlich, 2007, p. 18). The political transition theory therefore says th at the international political system harbors the greatest motives for nation-states to â€Å"fight† because there is no central authority that would prevent them from doing so. Since this situation creates anarchy within the international system, proponents of the political transition theory believe that nation-states would eliminate the uncertainty surrounding the intention of other states on their national security by adopting aggressive military strategies to maintain their power (Wunderlich, 2007, p. 18). Such states would also increase their military capabilities and use them at the expense of other states. To explain this view, Mearsheimer (2007) said, â€Å"Great powers recognize that the best way to ensure their security is to achieve hegemony now, thus eliminating any possibility of a challenge by another great power. Only a misguided state would pass up an opportunity to be the hegemonic power in the system because it thought that it already had sufficient power t o survive† (p. 35). One theory that undermines the principles of the offensive realism theory and the power transition theory is the liberalism theory. This theory suggests that the accumulation of military arsenal is irrelevant in a world where states share mutual interests (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). Moreover, the theory posits that the existence of broad interests among states have made it difficult for countries to define national interests (SPKN, 2013, p. 1). Therefore, the protection of national interests (security), as proposed by proponents of the neo-realism theory, is irrelevant. The advancement of the liberalism theory in the 1970s prompted many researchers to say the neo-realist theory is outdated (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). Researchers who argue this view claim proponents of the neo-realist theory do not appreciate the complexity of international politics today (SPKN, 2013, p. 1). For example, they say advancements in globalization, telecommuni cation, and global commerce have complicated international relations to the extent that simple power politics cannot explain international relations today (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). After acknowledging the complexities of international relations, the liberalism theory advances four key principles. The first principle highlights the harsh environment of international relations, but warns against the use of military power to wade through this harsh environment (because the benefits of diplomacy often outweigh the benefits of military interventions) (SPKN, 2013, p. 3). The second principle acknowledges the existence of other forms of power (besides military power), as influential tools of solving international conflicts (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). For example, the liberalism theory says countries can use economic and social power to solve international conflicts. Concisely, recent years have shown the effectiveness of economic power (over military force) to influen ce state actions. The third principle of the liberalism theory recognizes the existence of different interests among countries. Therefore, the assumption that security and political interests surpass all other national interests (as proposed by realists) is flawed (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). The last principle of the liberalism theory is the acknowledgement that the existence of international rules and regulations foster international harmony through cooperation and trust (SPKN, 2013, p. 3). A classic example of the working of the liberalism theory is the existence of mutual relations between the US and other major western powers. Certainly, although the US is an influential global power, it is unimaginable to conceive the idea that it would attack other western powers because of political or economic disagreements. Indeed, America often disagrees with major western powers (and some Eastern powers) about trade rules and policies, but because of the existence of the spirit of cooperation, America would not easily attack any of these countries. To this extent, the liberalism theory explains most international relations today. Besides the realism and liberalism theories, another theory that explains the nature of international relation is the idealism theory. The concept of idealism premises on the need for morality in international relations. The concept says foreign policies should pursue a moral goal and abstain from trickery and dishonesty (SPKN, 2013, p. 4). The same theory also condemns violence as a way of solving international conflicts (Crawford, 2013, p. 1). This view shows that the principles of idealism also differ with the principles of the neo-realism theory because the latter advocates for the use of violence to solve international conflicts. A practical understanding of idealism arises from the use of idealistic principles to explain the workings of the Democratic Party in the US (SPKN, 2013, p. 4). Politicians also used the same concept to end the First World War (particularly after Woodrow Wilson vowed to promote democracy and national self-determination as a strategy for promoting global peace) (SPKN, 2013, p. 4). The existence of the same principle in explaining how countries relate with one another informs the creation of the League of Nations, which was supposed to prevent the occurrence of global conflicts. Some scholars have used the promotion of idealism during the First World War as a pillar for understanding how democracy started (Crawford, 2013, p. 1). Outcome Analysis and Results Some researchers have expressed reservations regarding the principles of the neo-realism theory to explain military aggression between China and the US. One issue that emerges as an anomaly of the theory is the existence of global and regional institutions that regulate international relations (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). This criticism emerges from the assumption (by offensive realists) that there are no regulatory frameworks to g overn international relations. Steiner (2012, p. 52) argues that many regional and international institutions govern international relations. He gives the example of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the European Union (EU) (among other regional bodies), as regional bodies that regulate international relations (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). He further refers to the institutionalization of security cooperation, through global security bodies, such as the North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO), as an example of a long-term security organization that prevents nation-states from fighting (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). The creation of the international criminal court (ICC) is another example of the existence of an international legal and justice body that would deter attempts by nations to engage in â€Å"needless† wars. Kruse Tuck (2012, p. 93) believe the existence of such global institutions expla in why the 21st century marks the most peaceful period in the world’s history. Indeed, violence does not dominate global politics today as it did a few years back. Historical excerpts in England show that today’s global citizen has one-fifteenth the likelihood of dying in a global war, as opposed to people who lived more than 800 years ago (Kruse Tuck, 2012, p. 93). A central argument that advances this view is the human advancement in the legal and justice systems. Certainly, today, it is difficult for any nation to engage in an open war without legal consequences (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). Through this view, Steiner (2012, p. 52) disputes the fact that nation-states would easily go to war because there are no regulatory institutions to mediate conflict. In fact, contrary to the principles of the neo-liberalism theory, the existence of security and economic cooperation has continued after the end of the cold war. Another criticism of the offensive realism theory is the peaceful transition of power from a multi-polar system to a unipolar system, during the cold war. This transition stems from the dominance of the US in the global political system (unipolar system) after the end of the communist era. The neo-liberalism theory suggests the existence of conflict between America and other global powers, such as Russia during this transition, but this did not happen. Furthermore, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism, China gained economic and political power to become a global power, without any war. Researchers who criticize the neo-realism theory through the absence of major wars in the past few decades also say great political powers have realized their mistakes, and would not repeat the same political errors that contributed to the First World War and the Second World War (King, 2008, p. 12). The existence of alternative strategies for solving international power transitions decrease the likelihood that America would engage in a mili tary war with other nations. The absence of war during the Cuban military crisis explains the difficulty for America to pursue a military strategy, even when other countries provoke it. Historians say the Cuban missile crisis was the closest point where the cold war almost turned out to be an armed conflict (Roberts, 2012, p. 156). On one side, Russia and Cuba joined hands to position missiles in Cuba, ready for an attack on the US. One the other hand, the US government positioned nuclear missiles in Turkey, ready to attack Moscow, Russia. However, before any of the protagonists started the war, the US proposed a blockade to stop the transportation of Russian missiles in Cuba (Roberts, 2012, p. 156). This move was an attempt by the Kennedy administration to pursue alternative strategies for solving the crisis (besides using military force). This strategy almost failed because Russia was determined to attack the US. Consequently, in an attempt to stop the blockade, the Russian army s hot down a US plane. Historians say, ideally, this action would have easily stopped all the negotiations and started the war, but it did not (Roberts, 2012, p. 156). Instead, the Kennedy administration continued with the negotiations, until both parties agreed that they would stop all hostilities. In the agreement, the US declared that it would never attack Cuba. It also committed itself to destroy all nuclear weapons positioned in Turkey, if Russia did the same in Cuba (Stern, 2012, p. 160). Eventually, the conflict ended. The Cuban missile crisis is a good example that shows how world powers can be rational and avoid military confrontation, even when they are provoked. Indeed, although all indications suggested Russia and the US would attack each other, the rationality of both countries to negotiate prevented this eventuality from happening. This example undermines the validity of the neo-realism theory in predicting how countries solve international conflicts today. A key issue t hat emerges in this analysis is the advanced nature of military arsenal that has restrained many countries from attacking one another. The containment of nuclear arsenal particularly comes to mind here because nuclear weapons are deadly and may cause widespread human deaths. Countries therefore restrain themselves from using such weapons, although they have them. This analysis shows the widespread use of the deterrence theory in explaining the absence of conflict during the cold war. Particularly, this theory shows that military intimidation and coercion are effective strategies for solving conflicts, as opposed to engaging in physical military conflicts. Therefore, the capacity that warring states have to destroy other states (through nuclear technology) is a deterrent for states to refrain from provoking one another. Therefore, according to scholars, powerful states, like Russia and America, stock nuclear weapons to intimidate one another, but not really to attack one another (Rob erts, 2012, p. 156). Since military capabilities are muted, powerful nations use alternative strategies to â€Å"fight† one another. Such strategies include proxy wars. A proxy war is an indirect confrontation between nation-states. Such types of wars involve the use of third parties to â€Å"fight† major wars. Such third parties may be allied countries, mercenaries, or non-state actors. Ideally, countries pursue this strategy when they do not want to engage in a full-blown conflict. Many countries have used this strategy, successfully. For example, this strategy characterized the cold war period when both Russia and the US could not engage each other directly in a full-blown war. Because America and Russia cannot engage in an open war, both countries have fought proxy wars on different fronts. The earliest proxy war was the Greek civil war where Russia and America aligned their troops on different sides. On one hand, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria supported Russia in its quest to cement communist rule in Greece (Carabott Sfikas, 2004, p. 51). On the other hand, America and other western allies opposed this quest. The latter managed to win the war by repelling communist rebels away from Greece (Carabott Sfikas, 2004, p. 51). Both sides fought the communist war by funding and arming rebels to advance their ideological views. The same strategy emerged when Russia invaded Afghanistan. The US and other western allies supported the Mujahedeen regime of Afghanistan to repel Russian invasion by providing it with sophisticated weapons and financial support (Danforth Boeschoten, 2012, p. 56). The Lebanese civil war also demonstrated the same alignment of East and west political powers. Syria, Russia, and Palestine supported one wing of the rebels (Lebanese National Movement) and Israel and America supported the other protagonist, Lebanese Front, by providing it with military arsenal and financial support. Lastly, the Vietnam War is another example o f how Russia and the US engaged each other in a proxy war. On one side, the US and its western allies wanted to stop the communist aggression of a Vietnamese dictator on South Vietnam, while on the other side, China and Russia helped the Vietnamese dictator to repel American aggression (Lawrence, 2010, p. 170). Russia and China supplied Vietnam with military weapons that could repel air strikes and intimidate American forces. They also supported Vietnamese ground troops with weapons and financial support to wage war against America. The US and some of its western allies supported South Vietnam with the same financial and military strength. However, the US sent its ground troops to help South Vietnam stop communist aggression. Broadly, the war was a bold attempt by America and other anti-communist regimes to stop the spread of communism in South Vietnam. The war also aimed to cement the American dominance in global politics. However, the communist regime managed to win the war after French and American forces pulled out (Lawrence, 2010, p. 40). Consequently, the North Vietnamese government annexed South Vietnam and established it as part of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Such kinds of proxy wars have provided an avenue for America and other dominant world powers (notably, China and Russia) to flex their military muscles without attacking each other directly. Overall, since this paper establishes that the US cannot engage in open wars with its enemies, economic warfare has emerged as the practical strategy for the US to control its hegemonic power in global politics. Indeed, the growing importance of commercial interests in the global political arena highlights the low likelihood that any serious global war would occur. This fact stems from the negative relationship that wars share with commerce. The rise and prominence of commercial interests in the global business arena mean that the commercial gains of countries working together override the need to plund er, steal, and destroy. China and the US share deep commercial interests with each other. Some of the commercial interests shared by both countries are vital to the sustenance of their economies. Therefore, it would be unlikely that both countries would engage in a war that would override these commercial interests. Globalization therefore explains the difference between the likelihood of countries to engage in war during early years, and today’s low likelihood of countries to participate in similar wars. Nonetheless, the control of oil flow to China is one economic strategy that the US has used to protect its position as the global hegemonic power. The fact that China needs oil to support its economic growth informs this strategy. This is because China’s economic growth largely supports its political power (Li, 2012, p. 5). This strategy has seen the participation of the US in several Middle East wars, such as the gulf war and the Iraq war, to protect its oil supply. Through these wars, the US has tried to ensure it controls the oil trade by ensuring a free oil flow to the US (Li, 2012, p. 5). The same objective informs its involvement in the Libyan revolution because it sought to control oil flow to China and other anti-western countries by creating a regime change. Through these examples, the politics surrounding the oil trade largely inform America’s attempts to control China’s global influence, by controlling the flow of oil to the Asian giant. However, statistics show that this strategy is failing to safeguard American interests because China has already surpassed the US as the largest crude oil importer from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Spegele, 2013, p. 2). China also leads the US as the main crude oil buyer in the Middle East. The sudden emergence of China as the largest crude oil importer in the world has created tensions in the Sino-American relations. Nonetheless, the use of alternative s trategies for solving power politics eliminates the idea that America would indulge in a full-blown war with its enemies. Conclusion Although this paper recognizes the importance of the offensive realism view and the power transition theory in understanding international relations, it is highly pessimistic about the possibility of the US attacking China, or any other emerging power, to maintain its dominance in global politics. The offensive realism theory maintains that the US would attack China to maintain its hegemonic power. However, based on the peace that has existed during (and after) the cold war, the validity of the offensive realism theory is questionable. Indeed, evidence shows that during this time, there was a peaceful transition of power in the world, without any war. In its place, the liberalism theory portrays a perfect picture of the current state of international relations because evidence shows that international relation is a complex issue. However, the realism t heory portrays a simplistic idea of such relations. This paper also shows that the complex relationships between American and Chinese commercial interests surpass the need for America to maintain its power through military means. Moreover, unlike the principles of the offensive realism theory, the existence of international institutions in international politics undermines the possibility of military wars. Certainly, international bodies, such as the WTO and NATO, not only ensure the economic coordination of different countries, but also their coordination in security issues. Since there is little chance that America could attack China to maintain its hegemonic power, proxy wars are the main methods that America uses to maintain its dominant position in international politics. The Vietnam War, Afghanistan war, and the civil war in Greece are only a few examples that show how America has struggled to maintain its hegemonic power in global politics. The existence of proxy wars therefo re show that military strategies are not the only effective strategies for maintaining power. The existence of alternative strategies for maintaining power therefore appears to be the only effective strategies that America could use to maintain its hegemonic power. Indeed, its attempts to control the flow of oil resources to China define how the US intends to stop Chinese dominance. Furthermore, wars are expensive and it would take a lot of money (and other resources) to sustain a war, especially with an equally powerful country, such as China. Overall, this paper shows that the probability of a new world war between China and the US may never happen. References Buono, R., Lara, J. (2007). Imperialism, Neoliberalism and Social Struggles in  Latin America. New York, NY: BRILL. Carabott, P., Sfikas, P. (2004). The Greek Civil War: Essays on a Conflict of  Ã‚  Exceptionalism and Silences. New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Crawford, R. (2013). 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Cuban Missile Crisis: The Esse ntial Reference Guide. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Spegele, B. (2013). Middle East Oil Fuels Fresh China-U.S. Tensions. Web. SPKN (2013). Theories of International Relations. Web. Steiner, M. (2012). History and Neorealism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Stern, S. (2012). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus  Reality. Stanford, CA: University Press. Wirtz, J., Fortmann, M. (2004). Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st  Century. Stanford, CA: University Press. Wunderlich, J. (2007). Regionalism, Globalisation and International Order: Europe  and Southeast Asia. Burlington, VA: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. This research paper on The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states was written and submitted by user Tamia Jefferson to help you with your own studies. 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